Essay examples --

Process of development and modernization In Afghanistan During Amanullah Khan, and Turkey: I. Introduction: This paper will examine the process of modernization and development in Afghanistan during the era of Amanullah Khan (1919-1929) and Turkey during the era of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1918-1938). Each state had used multiple theories of modernization and different approaches in order to modernize the state and be modernized. Modernization and development happened in both countries in chorus; while Afghanistan failed to become modernize under Amanullah khan but Turkey under Ataturk succeded to become modernize and develop. I will use the theories of Ibn-Khaldon, Weber, Smelser and Rostow, Charles Tilley’s war making and state making, to take a comparative analysis of modernization in both states and the aspects which led to modernization of turkey and fall of Amanullah Khan's governmnt. The idea of Modernization is relatively new which was defined by French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet in 18th century, the theory was based on the idea that the people could develop and change their society. Furthermore, Modernization can be defined as the process of transformation from a traditional society to a modern society. Hence, Modernization is the key concerning openness to new experiences regarding both people and behaviors, and is shift in allegiance from those individuals in traditional authority structures (e.g. Khans, religious leaders) to those representing modern institutions (e.g. government leaders). On the other hand, development is the process of gradual growth in a state, those countries who carried out the four aspects of state building managed to develop their states and become modernize while others failed. II. Modern... ... the new currency for country (Afghani). As defined by Charles Tilly state building need four stages "war making, State making, protection and Extraction", extraction is the main element where the state can manage to put in action all the other three elements of state building. Amanullah khan's reforms failed in Afghanistan due to different reason's the first cause of Amanullah Khan's economical reforms was due to mountainous structure of state where the state failed to collect taxes from citizens of country and as well as capitalists failed to earn more profit since they were unable to transfer their products in different parts of country. Moreover, the reason behind his failure was that once those religious and tribal leaders who were paid by the family of king and ancestors of Amanullah Khan, during the era of Amanullah Khan they were forced to pay tax for state.