Brain Transplant :: essays research papers

Brain TransplantMedical engineering science has come alonged to advance enough so that doctors be able to dress disposition transplants. So far this procedure has only been successfully effected on animals, and now doctors hope to perform this procedure on humans.I suppose wiz transplants should non be performed at all, and especially noton humans because of the numerous problems and side effects that could arise.     Even though genius transplants can be successfully performed on animals,this does not mean that it will be successful with humans. The human mental capacity ismuch more complex than the brain of animals, so at that place will be many morecomplications during surgery. For example, the healthy brain that was removedcould have been dam healed in some way without the doctors subtile it. It wouldalso be very difficult to attach a persons brain in a distinct body because ofthe millions of neurons that send and receive messages to and from all all over thebody. It would be well-nigh im accomplishable to reconnect every single neuron, andwithout them a person could not function normally. Many psychological effectsare also possible because the human brain is so complex. Our brain makes us whowe are, and with a different brain we would no longer be unique. A person witha different brain would seem to be a total stranger and in many ways they wouldbe. Hopefully these dangerous side effects will persuade doctors not to performthis procedure on humans.     The advancement of technology can be very beneficial to every unrivaled, but Ido not believe that this medical technology of brain transplants will helpanyone. We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescenceour mind developed into who we are. No one should steal our identity operator from us,even if we are seriously injured, and change it to a completely new one. Alsofor the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their i dentity and itshould not be assumption to anyone else.     Another problem with brain transplants is how can doctors choose whatare "healthy" or "normal" brains. An elderly person who has died would have anaged brain that would not be as efficient as a younger persons brain. Thenwould doctors have to find healthy brains of the same age as the person whoBrain Transplant essays research papers Brain TransplantMedical technology has seemed to advance enough so that doctors are able toperform brain transplants. So far this procedure has only been successfullyperformed on animals, and now doctors hope to perform this procedure on humans.I believe brain transplants should not be performed at all, and especially noton humans because of the numerous problems and side effects that could arise.     Even though brain transplants can be successfully performed on animals,this does not mean that it will be successful with humans. The hum an brain ismuch more complex than the brain of animals, so there will be many morecomplications during surgery. For example, the healthy brain that was removedcould have been damaged in some way without the doctors knowing it. It wouldalso be very difficult to attach a persons brain in a different body because ofthe millions of neurons that send and receive messages to and from all over thebody. It would be almost impossible to reconnect every single neuron, andwithout them a person could not function normally. Many psychological effectsare also possible because the human brain is so complex. Our brain makes us whowe are, and with a different brain we would no longer be unique. A person witha different brain would seem to be a total stranger and in many ways they wouldbe. Hopefully these dangerous side effects will convince doctors not to performthis procedure on humans.     The advancement of technology can be very beneficial to everyone, but Ido not believe tha t this medical technology of brain transplants will helpanyone. We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescenceour mind developed into who we are. No one should steal our identity from us,even if we are seriously injured, and change it to a completely new one. Alsofor the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their identity and itshould not be given to anyone else.     Another problem with brain transplants is how can doctors choose whatare "healthy" or "normal" brains. An elderly person who has died would have anaged brain that would not be as efficient as a younger persons brain. Thenwould doctors have to find healthy brains of the same age as the person who

Comparing the Role of Women in Indian Camp and Shiloh Essay -- compari

Role of Women in Indian camp and Shiloh The women of Indian Camp experience a life much different from the woman in Shiloh. Ernest Hemingway wrote Indian Camp giving the women a definite role in their families time Bobbi Ann Mason wrote Shiloh leaving the womans definite family role ambiguous. Because they ar responsible for the birth of the babies, the Native American women of the preceding story are the nurturers as opposed to the men. The women involve their roles and partake in their duties with let on any protest. On the separate hand, Norma jeans role is not as traditional compared to the other(a) womens since she and Leroy have no children, she basic bothy lives alone, and she maintains a job. While the Native American women and Norma denim live different lives, they share the same problem of abiding the mens ignorance to their needs. However, as the story progresses, Norma Jean realizes she wants to move on in her life, so she does not accept her situation. The Na tive American women continue their modus vivendi not because they choose to be submissive, but because they know no other way. The women of the 2 stories lead totally different lives in that the Native American women accept their situation, assume submissive behavior, and endure the ignorance of men, while Norma Jean does not accept her situation, assumes bumptious behavior, and does not put up with the ignorance of her husband. Not being exposed to Norma Jeans independent way of life, the Native American women accept their lives of nurturing and care taking. The desexualizes visit to the Indian camp shows only women helping with the oral communication of the baby. As they help the doctor, the men sit up the road away from all the commotion. No signs of resent... ...ver the period of his absence, Norma Jean develops into a stronger person from being on her own. Having Leroy home makes her realize she needs to move on and employs her assertiveness to get out of the situation. A lthough they remain loyal to their duties through all of the drudgery, the Native American women are strong because they lead a very important role in the family. Norma Jean also proves herself to be strong as she leaves her husband to move on to achieve more in her life. The women share different experiences, but they all uncover strength in being the way they want to be. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. Indian Camp. In Out Time. New York, Scribners, 1955. 16,17. Mason, Bobbi Ann. Shiloh. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Sixth edition. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York harpist Collins, 1995. 495, 496, 500. Comparing the Role of Women in Indian Camp and Shiloh attempt -- compariRole of Women in Indian Camp and Shiloh The women of Indian Camp experience a life much different from the woman in Shiloh. Ernest Hemingway wrote Indian Camp giving the women a definite role in their families while Bobbi Ann Mason wrote Shiloh leaving the womans definite family role ambiguous. Because they are responsible for the birth of the babies, the Native American women of the preceding story are the nurturers as opposed to the men. The women accept their roles and partake in their duties without any protest. On the other hand, Norma Jeans role is not as traditional compared to the other womens since she and Leroy have no children, she basically lives alone, and she maintains a job. While the Native American women and Norma Jean live different lives, they share the same problem of enduring the mens ignorance to their needs. However, as the story progresses, Norma Jean realizes she wants to move on in her life, so she does not accept her situation. The Native American women continue their lifestyle not because they choose to be submissive, but because they know no other way. The women of the two stories lead totally different lives in that the Native American women accept their situation, assume submissive behavior, and endure the ignorance of men, while Norma Jean does not accept her situation, assumes assertive behavior, and does not put up with the ignorance of her husband. Not being exposed to Norma Jeans independent way of life, the Native American women accept their lives of nurturing and care taking. The doctors visit to the Indian camp shows only women helping with the delivery of the baby. As they help the doctor, the men sit up the road away from all the commotion. No signs of resent... ...ver the period of his absence, Norma Jean develops into a stronger person from being on her own. Having Leroy home makes her realize she needs to move on and employs her assertiveness to get out of the situation. Although they remain loyal to their duties through all of the drudgery, the Native American women are strong because they lead a very important role in the family. Norma Jean also proves herself to be strong as she leaves her husband to move on to achieve more in her life. The women share different experiences, but they all exhibit strength in being the way they want to be. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. Indian Camp. In Out Time. New York, Scribners, 1955. 16,17. Mason, Bobbi Ann. Shiloh. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Sixth edition. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York Harper Collins, 1995. 495, 496, 500.

Magic Realism and Intertextual Examples of The Bible in Gabriel Garcia

Gabriel Garcia Marquezs novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude, is a novel very much associated with magic realism. Throughout the novel, the idea of magic realism is promoted through intertext examples of The password. Magic realism is defined as an artistic style in which magical elements or irrational scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or normal setting. The many intertextual examples throughout the work are alluded from outside sources such as the Bible and the tragedians of the Greeks and Romans. These allusions not only strengthen the novel, but further correlate them with the idea of magic realism. Magic realism, as defined by Wendy Faris, contains five key elements which essential be present for this component to ring true in a piece of literature. The first key element is the novel contains something we cannot explain according to the laws of the world as we know them (Faris 167). Throughout the novel, several examples which make this constituent true are present. F or example, when Jose Arcadia Buendias murder occurs and his blood runs through the streets to Ursulas home, Marquez writes, A drivel of blood came out under the door, crossed the living room, went out into the street, continued on in a straight line across the uneven terraces, went strike down steps and climbed up curbs (Marquez 144). In reality, as commentators, it is known that blood cannot travel long distances or climb objects. Remedios the Beautys accession to Heaven is another(prenominal) form in which a particular scene cannot be explained by particular laws as we know them. Marquez writes Amaranta felt a mysterious trembling in the lace on her petticoats and she tried to grasp the sheet so that she would not fall down at the instant in which Remedios the Beauty... ...magic realism is a earthy theme found throughout many fiction novels. According to Faris five key elements, this novel is indeed a tale of enchanting pragmatism. The novels intertextual examples developed by character similarities and actual events from the Bible and Greek mythology and tragedies are woven in the novel in such a way that the reader is oblivious to the fact that they truly exist. Magic realism will continue to flourish many novels to come in the coming years. Works CitedAccess Bible, The. new(a) York Oxford University Press, 2010. Fitzgerald, Robert. Translator Homer. The Iliad. Garden City, NY Anchor Press, 2007. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. New York Harper Perennial, 1998. Zamora, Louis Parkinson and Wendy Faris. Magical Realism Theory,History,Community. Durham Duke University Press, 1995.

Innocent Victims :: essays research papers

Innocent VictimsThe news came one late afternoon. My girlfriend told me that Naomi had given up birth. Instead of feeling joyous over the birth of my one time friends child, I felt both saddened and angry about this occasion. So I asked the inevitable question, Is it OK? The response to my question was just what I had hoped would not happen.Naomi is a heroin addict. She had just given birth to a previous(p) baby boy that was wedded to the same drug his mother was shooting up. This innocent little guy was born with what doctors say is a mild line of brain damage. For the first few weeks of his life, he had to be treated with methadone to combat his withdrawal symptoms. Despite the severe damage Naomi ca occasiond to her baby, she still walks the streets of Carlsbad looking for her fix. The snuff it I had heard of the little boy was that he was taken by Child Protective Services and placed in foster care delay for a home.Mothers who prenatally expose their babies to hard illegal drugs cause serious damage to these children and should be criminally prosecuted. The physical, neurological, and behavioral effects on babies caused by drug use during pregnancy are disheartening. In spite of this blatant disregard for the childs life, it is not considered a form of child abuse in near of our states. If a mother injected drugs into the tiny arm of her baby, causing permanent brain damage or death, surely the mother would be arrested and prosecuted. Yet that is exactly what addicted mothers do when they consume drugs throughout their pregnancy.In California, when a woman gives birth to baby with illegal drugs in its system, not much happens to the mother. According to an official from San Diego Countys Child Protective Services, the baby is placed on hold and is put in foster care. The case is then referred to family court for review. A judge then looks at the extent of the mothers drug use and decides if it is safe to return the child to its mother. Depending on the amount of drug abuse, a mother is referred to a drug treatment program. If the mother completes her assigned program, she is reunited with her child. If she does not complete the program, the baby is then left in foster care and goes up for adoption.

Equity :: Papers

Equity In 1066 when William the conqueror came to England the law was very different from today. Itinerant judges who would travel around the country settling any disputes administrated it. They started divulge using local laws and applying these to cases before them. However, the Normans were keen to develop a law which they could apply to the whole country, a law which would be common to every one. So they gathered what was considered to be the best of different local laws and developed a common law. Soon though many problems were found with common law. It soon became in like manner ridged. Two of the main problems with common law were, that it didnt offer sufficient remedies and, a civil action could only if be taken by handling of a writ. A writ was used to set out the cause of the action and the grounds for the claim. The writ became a problem because it had to be made to survive and existin g writ. To start with a new writ was created when a suitable previous case could not be found however, it was soon stopped and no new writs could be issued. This meant that some cases were unable to be pursued, as an existing writ that suited the case could not be found. This made many mountain unhappy with the common law system. The other main reason people were unhappy with the common law system is that insufficient remedies were offered in some cases. The only remedy available was damages, this meant compensation, which was not always satisfactory. As a result of these problems many people became increasingly dissatisfied with the common law system. More and more(prenominal) people began to petition to the king as a fountain of justice for a more suitable

Equity :: Papers

Equity In 1066 when William the conqueror came to England the rectitude was very different from today. Itinerant judges who would travel just about the country settling any disputes administrated it. They started out using local laws and applying these to cases before them. However, the Normans were keen to develop a law which they could apply to the whole country, a law which would be common to every one. So they gathered what was considered to be the best of different local laws and developed a common law. Soon though umpteen problems were found with common law. It soon became too ridged. Two of the main problems with common law were, that it didnt offer sufficient remedies and, a civil action could unaccompanied be taken by use of a writ. A writ was used to set out the cause of the action and the grounds for the claim. The writ became a problem because it had to be made to fit and existing writ . To start with a new writ was created when a suitable previous case could not be found however, it was soon stopped and no new writs could be issued. This meant that some cases were unable to be pursued, as an existing writ that suited the case could not be found. This made many people unhappy with the common law strategy. The other main reason people were unhappy with the common law system is that insufficient remedies were offered in some cases. The only remedy available was damages, this meant compensation, which was not always satisfactory. As a result of these problems many people became increasingly dissatisfy with the common law system. More and more people began to petition to the king as a fountain of justice for a more suitable

Review Article †Rheumatoid Arthritis & Il-6 Essay

IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune condition in the origin place causing synovial union inflammation and cartilage erosion. The pathogenesis encompasses intricate kioskular and humoural manifestations, and vascular reactions that result in the infiltration of the synovium by white cable cells, of which release inflammatory mediators, inclusive of Interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 serum levels of RA patients as shown by Capell et al. (1993) displayed a median of 55 IU/ml, as compared to that of healthy controls of 10 IU/ml.With a big pleiotropy endorsed by twain a membrane- form (IL-6R) and soluble (sIL-6R) receptor, and by the relative omni heraldic bearing of the trans-membrane protein gp130, IL-6 endorses a pro-inflammatory effect via its influence on numerous cell types and signalling- pamphlets. As a result, heightened levels of IL-6 aids in the promotion of osteitis, sequential joint damage, pain/discomfort and impaired function in RA patients.Pl eiotropy of IL-6Interleukin 6 exerts effects on numerous pathways lend to the pathophysiology of RA. IL-6 as it is called today has been known by several names that exemplify its pleiotropy for example, hepatocyte-stimulating factor known to cause the induction of C-reactive protein (CRP) referable to IL-6 friendship with synovial fibril aggregation has been known as Amyloid protein a thrombopoietin both B-cell specialization and stimulating factor 2 plasmacytoma growth factor and cytotoxic T-cell differentiation factor. It also causes the differentiation of Th17 cells is a causative factor in adhesion molecule expression on the surface of endothelial cells, and is involved in the differentiation to mature from precursor osteoclasts cells (REF). IL-6Recptor bindingIL-6 implements its influence via a protein complex primarily comprised of a membrane bound IL-6R and a glycoprotein comprised of two intra-cytoplasmic transducer sub-units, gp130. When IL-6 binds to membrane bound IL-6R (mIL-6R) it causes homo-dimerisation of the gp130 sub-units, of which triggers intra-cytoplasmic signal transduction. Whilst expression of gp130 is relatively omnipresent upon the surface of the bodys cells (Akil, et al., 2008), IL-6R is or so prominently located on hepatocytes, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and select lymphocytes. However, (sIL-6R) of which is systemic also binds IL-6, and expert as mIL-6R, dirty dog also engage with gp130 for sIL-6-gp130 trans-signalling (REF).Synoviocytes, for example do not express mIL-6R precisely do express gp130. Raised levels of IL-6 in the synovium is a characteristic biomarker of RA (Attar, et al., 2010), and Kim, et al. (1996) states enhanced IL-6/sIL-6R in synovial fluid increased the risk of joint destruction, as IL-6 stimulates endothelial cells to express adhesion cytokines and other molecules of which get inflammatory cells to synovial membrane (Romano, et al., 1997) then could contribute to exemplifying the significance of sIL-6R in RA pathophysiology. sIL-6R is formed by either an incomplete proteolytic enzymic dissection of mIL-6R or alternative splicing of mRNA (REF).With the aforementioned ubiquitous nature of gp130, mIL-6R and systemic sIL-6R, increasing evidence REFERENCES SEE NOTES shows that a non-membrane bound, systemic, soluble gp130 (sgp130) found in high circulatory concentrations than that of sIL-6, also binds IL-6/sIL-6R, thus functioning as a redundency factor inhibiting the cytoplasmic signal-transducing potential of mgp130 REFERENCES SEE NOTES, (IL-6/IL-6 receptor system and its role) thus table service as a natural inhibitor of IL-6 signalling (IL-6/IL-6 receptor system and its role).Intracellular signallinggp130 dimerisation brings Janus Kinases (JAKS), a receptor-associated protein complex, into close proximity causing a trans-activation of the two molecule types. Auto-phosphorylation of JAKS occurs, of which causes intracellular signal transduction by recruiting signal-tran sducers and activators of transcriptions (STAT) that form either hetro or homo dimers and migrate to cell nucleus effecting target gene transcription of various physiological processes (REF). IL-6 can be detrimental to human physiology (REF), thus expression of proteins known as the suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) function as a prohibit-feedback system, and are activated by STATs. The regulation of the JAK-STAT signalling pathway by SOCS is more specifically down-regulated by SOCS 3 (REF). SOCS 3 binds JAKs causing negative-regulation thus functioning as an auto-regulatory mechanism, by inhibiting JAK use.IL-6 and the adaptational Immune SystemThe trans-signalling of IL-6 is known to cause the induction of pre-B-cell-colony-stimulating factor (PBEF) in fibroblast cells of the synovium (Bryant, et al., 2006), and since PBEF upon its discovery was considered a B-cell differentiation cytokine(McNiece et al., 1994), it could be considered plausible that IL-6-induced PBEF an d the IL-6 maturation of B-cells, together with contribute to RA. It has been found the effect of IL-6 on plasmablasts indirectly induces the ware of B-cell antibodies by assisting elements of CD4+ T-cells (of which act upon activated B-cells) due to elevated IL-21 production (Bond, et al., 2009), thus IL-6 may potentially be a co-adjuvant to humoural immunity enhancement (Bond, et al., 2009). Enhanced levels of the RA associated Rheumatoid Factor are located in the IgA, IgG and IgM isotypes (Ahmed, et al., 2010), and citruline antibodies located in serum and joints, can be linked to the plasmablast-induced antibody production of IL-6 (Ahmed, et al., 2010).IL-6 enhances T-cell proliferation where they have been mitogen stimulated (Mihara, et al., 2002). IL-6 also impacts T-cell development (Mihara, et al., 2002). Along with transforming growth factor (TGF)- , IL-6 contributes to Th 17 differentiation, an effecter T cell with pro-inflammatory elements, and is further compounded by Th 17 production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 (Bettelli, et al., 2007). Interestingly, without IL-6, TGF- induces Treg production, of which are Th 17 cell suppressors (Hirota, et al., 2008). CD4+ Th cells have been considered Th 1 and Th 2 based upon their cytokine-producing characteristics (Diehl and Rincon, 2002).Th 1 and Th 2 establish IFN- and IL-13 respectively, of which are both pro-inflammatory molecules, except whereas IL-6 bolsters IL-4 induced differentiation of Th 2, it causes the inhibition of IL-12 induced differentiation of Th 1 (Diehl and Rincon, 2002). Acosta-Rodriguez, et al. (2007) found that in vitro levels of IL-1 induced Th 17 polarisation of nave human CD4+ T-cells were heightened by IL-6 involvement. More research however, is required to make clear the full extent of IL-6 role in human Th 17 cell development, in vivo.During inflammation, neutrophils of which are essential inflammatory mediators, systemically increase substantially, resulting in r elative neutrophilia. endothelial cells, macrophages and monocytes all emit IL-6. Neutrophils are directly affected by IL-6 due to the expression of IL-6R. Filer, et al. (2005) found that co-cultured endothelial cells and fibroblasts extracted from synovial fluid of RA patients caused an increase in IL-6 and neutrophil recruitment. Adhesion molecules, of which it has been shown in the work of Woodfin et al. (2010) to be required in the transmigration of neutrophils, are augmented by IL-6 such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM) and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM) of which produce chemokine production.Thus neutrophils being the most numerous and systemic of leucocytes have a strong initial synovial presence and is bolstered by the amplification of the inflammatory cascade, contribute to the inflammatory escalation during acute-phase response and findings from animal and human studies revealed that the blockade of IL-6 caused a reduction in neutrophil levels at inf lamed sites (Hashizume, et al., 2008), as well as a reduction in systemic neutrophil counts in RA patients (Deguchi, et al., 2003 and Broll, et al., 2006),thus indicating a prominent role for IL-6 in neutrophilia. IL-6 Acute to ChronicFarnarier, et al. (2003) suggests the revolution from acute to inveterate inflammation as emphasised by a shift of biomarker from neutrophil to monocyte, is influenced by IL-6. It was found that if stimulated for a number of hours by inflammatory cytokines, neutrophils switched from the production of IL-8 and transitioned to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (Yamashiro, et al., 1999). sIL-6R is released from neutrophils of which in turn causes the chemokine release of endothelial cells, thus Romano, et al. (1997) suggests the IL-6 sIL6R complex contributes to the release of MCP-1 from endothelial cells.As earlier discussed, neutrophil-count was found to be directly associated with the blockade of IL-6R? and endothelial cells expressing the g p130 but not the IL-6R, thus reliant upon the IL-6 sIL6R complex for induction of MCP-1 release, i.e. the release of monocyte, not neutrophil specific chemo-attractants (Gres, et al., 2001), it would appear IL-6 tran-signalling plays an integral role in the transition from acute to chronic inflammation via neutrophil and endothelial cells. *CHART SHOWING CELLS THAT RELEASE IL-6*IL-6 induces a disintigrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteinases of which are pivotal in the degradation of extracellular matrix. IL-6 more specifically, has been shown to induce ADAMTS-4 and MMPs 1, 2 and 13 production in cells lining the synovium and chondrocytes (Hashizume and Mihara, 2009 Hashizume, et al., 2010 2012). However, it has been suggested the IL-6 sIL-6R complex has bearing on the extracellular matrix turnover, as it causes multiplication of tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in synovium fibroblasts and chondrocytes (Dayer, et al., 1998 and Hashizume, et al., 2012). The drug tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL-6 inhibitor reduces MMP-3 blood serum levels of RA patients (Garnero, et al., 2010), and has been show to restore biomarkers associated with cartilage turnover (Dayer, et al., 1998).Thus, in RA patients the reduction of IL-6 activity appears to be a mediatory factor in sustainment of healthy joint cartilage. Angiogenesis is a key process in the topical anesthetic inflammatory process. Neovascularisation of the synovium and other angiogenic processes such as hyperplasia of synovial cells and permeation by inflammatory cells are characteristic processes in pannus development and RA pathology (Ballara et al., 2001). In addition to notable constituents of the inflammatory process such as monocytes and T cells, both of which as stated previously have affiliations with IL-6 expression (CITATION OF A FEW), levels of a key angiogenic specific growth factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) has also been asso ciated with systemic levels of IL-6, as demonstrated in the work of Hasizume, et al., 2009 and Hagihara, et al., 2003 reveal IL-6 induces VEGF production from synovial cells.VEGF induces proteins that contribute to the breakdown of endothelial basement membrane, including MMPs, of which increases the permeability of blood vessels, thus allowing enhanced infiltration of inflammatory constituents (Delisle, et al., 2010). VEGF levels accordingly, have been shown to coincide with the articular severity of RA (Hagihana, et al., 2003), and has shown a reduction in response to TCZ (Hagihana, et al., 2003), of which correlates with findings of a semi-quantitative assessment by Akoi, et al. (2011) using ultrasonography that found TCZ responsible for a pronounced reduction in RA neovascularisation.Bone RemodellingBone remodelling is a highly regulated process in which mature devise tissue is removed by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts. The pathogenesis of RA favours fig out loss ( resorption) via the excessive production of osteoclasts. Anecdotal evidence by Kazuto et al. (1996) revealed synovial fluid highly +ve for IL-6 sIL6R complex from RA patients, stimulated increased formation of osteoclasts in mouse co-culture of osteoblast and bone marrow cells. This deliberate coincides with research by Balena, et al. (1994) of which indicated that mice deficient in IL-6 displayed no important changes in gross or trabecular bone structure.In human studies, biopsies of RA patients revealed that peri-articular bone loss was found to correlate with local excessive presence of IL-6 (Sugiyama, 2001), and work by Garnero et al. (2009) showed the administration of TCZ to RA patients in a multi-centre double- machination placebo-controlled study yielded an increase in bone-formation markers, with a decrease in bone-resorption markers. Collectively, research suggests IL-6 has a negative effect on bone mass.Acute-phase responseAcute-phase response is an innate immune reacti on in which IL-6 is notably involved via the stimulation of hepatocytes, and is a key inducer of the acute-phase protein CRP. CRP is considered a dependable biomarker of inflammation and RA activity as serum half-life remains constant due to its inflammatory-induced, hepatic-stimulated production being the exclusive systemic determinant and due to its noted increase in RA serum levels (Hirshfield and Pepys, 2003).AnaemiaApproximately 1-in-4 RA patients will suffer symptoms of anaemia within the first year (Figenschau, Nikolaisen and Nossent, 2008). The hormone hepcidin, produced in the liver and integral in stemming the metamorphosis of iron, has been shown in vitro to increase in presence due to IL-6 stimulation of hepatoma cells (Ganz, 2003). This study correlates with Gabayan et al. (2004) in which IL-6 induced patients experienced a 7.5 fold increase in hepcidin production. Anaemia in RA patients, as a result of a hepcidin-IL-6 axis, has extra but supported credence. Osteopor osis has also shown a correlation with IL-6.As mentioned earlier, healthy bone metabolism requires adequate regulation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, in which excessive IL-6 expression and the Th17 derived IL-17 (Gillespie, et al., 1999) both contribute to excessive osteoclast formation (Campbell et al., 2005). This has also been found to be the case in transgenic mice (De et al., 2006 and Choy and Dayer, 2009) in which bone formation was reduced, and negative ossification was reported. As shown, in that respect are comparable cross-over aspects of IL-6 pathology between RA and osteoporosis.TreatmentAs highlighted throughout this review, IL-6 plays a pleiotropic pathophysiological role in RA, thus would make an ideal therapeutic target. The most promising and note-worthy of treatments at present, TCZ interrupts IL-6 induced trans-signalling. Numerous studies have shown promising results including a phase III clinical trial in 2005 using the ACR (American College of Rheumatology)* RA activity measure, which had improvement measures of 89, 70 and 47% at ACRs of 20, 50 and 70 respectively at 52 weeks, in patients treated with TCZ. This multicentre, double-blind placebo-controlled trial by Hashimoto et al. (2004) showed bone resorption and joint destruction could potentially be completely prevented (Kishimoto, 2010), as exemplified when a culture of patient synovial and peripheral mononuclear cells, extracted from the same patients showed that osteoclast generation was completely prevented (Hashimoto et al., 2004 Kishimoto, 2010).At 6 weeks within this study, it was also found that IgG, CRP and serum amyloid A levels all normalised. It has also been suggested that TCZ aids in Th17 differentiation, hence IL-17 production, thus aids in the improvement of RA symptoms (Kimura and Kishimoto, 2010). Other notable studies such as the SAMURAI (Study of Active controlled Monotherapy Used for RA, an IL-6 Inhibitor) and LITHE (TociLIzumab safety and THE prevention of struc tural joint damage trial) served to enhance conscensus. This humanised, monoclonal antibody has now been approved in many countries. 286 With a wide-ranging pleitropy, IL-6 has the most profuse SF and systemic cytokine presence in RA pathophysiology, and coincides with cartilage erosion and disease activity.It has a role in elements of B-cell differentiation and increasing evidence suggests a definite yet ambiguous role in Th17 differentiation. IL-6 has several key positions in immune and inflammatory processes (recruitment, permeation and adhesion of inflammatory elements), and bone and joint degradation, of which over-expression causes adversity, such as release of hepcidin and CRP from the liver contributing to anaemia and inflammation, osteoporosis and pannus development.It plays a key role in the cross-over from acute-to-chronic disease. TCZ has shown much promise in RA therapy by inhibiting IL-6 expression. *ACR 20, 50 and 70 = improvements of 20%, 50% and 70% in disease activ ity, respectively. Disease Modifying Anti Rheumatic Drugs. Japan , April 2008, Europe, January 2009 and USA, January 2010. PUT IN ABSTRACT The IL-6R, sIL-6R and gp130 system is known as IL-6 trans-signallingReferencesCapell, H. A., Crilly, A., Madhok, R., Watson, J., 1993. Serum interleukin 6 levels in creaky arthritis correlations with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. 52 (3) 232 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. ONLINE on tap(predicate) athttp//ard.bmj.com/content/52/3/232.full.pdf+htm. Accessed 23 December 2012. Angelo, L. S., Hong, D. S., Kurzrock, R., 2007. Interleukin6 and its receptor in cancer. Cancer Wiley Online Library. ONLINE Available athttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22999/pdf. Accessed 01 January 2013. Bussolino, F., Ciliberto, G.,Faggioni, R., Fruscella, P., Hinsbergh, V. V., Luini, W., Mantovani, A., Polentarutti, N., Poli, V., Romano, M., Sironi, M, Toniatti, C., 1997. Role of IL-6 and Its Soluble Receptor in Induction of Chemo kines and Leukocyte Recruitment. Immunity ONLINE 6 (3), pp. 315-325. Available athttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074761300803349. Accessed 01 January 2013. Akil, M., Binks, M. H., Dickson, M. C., Hughes, F.J. , Montgomery, D.S., Rioja, I., C.H. Sharp, L.C. Warnock, A.G. Wilson, (2008). Potential novel biomarkers of disease activity in decrepit arthritis patients CXCL13, CCL23, transforming growth factor alpha, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily piece 9, and macrophagecolony-stimulating factor. Arthritis Rheumatology, 58, pp. 22572267. Attar, M., Cuzzocrea, S., Mirshafiey, A., Di Paola, R., Saadat, F., 2010. Therapeutic Efficacy of Artesunate in data-based Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Oxford Journals, PP-037-09. Available at http//intimmabs.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/Suppl_1_Pt_2/ii105.short. Accessed 01 January 2013. Kashiwazaki, S., Kishimoto, T Kim KJ, Kotake S, Nakamura, I., Sato K, Suda, T.,takahashi, N., Udagawa, N., Yamaguchi, A., 1996. Interle ukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptors in the synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients are responsible for osteoclast-like cell formation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 11 8895. Ahmaed, M. M., Obaid, A. K. A., Mohammed, S. H., 2010. Evaluation of the rheumatoid factors of the IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes as prognostic parameters for rheumatoid arthritis among Iraqi patients. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, online Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20699498. Accessed 01 January 2013. Bond, J. P., Briso, E. M., Charland, C., Ciliberto, G., Dienz, O., Eaton, S. M., Haynes, L., Leonard, W. J., Moquin, D., Neveu, W., Rincon, M., 2009. The induction of antibody production by IL-6 is indirectly mediated by IL-21 produced by CD4+ T cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, ONLINE Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626667/. Accessed 01 January 2013. Hashizume, M., Higuchi, Y., Mihara, M., Uchiyama, Y., 2011. IL-6 plays an esse ntial role in neutrophilia under inflammation, Cytokine, ONLINE Available athttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043466611000081. Accessed 01 January 2013. Bryant-Greenwood, G., Fielding, C. A., Jones, S. A., Nowell, M. A., Ognjanovic, S., Richards, P. J., Topley, N., Williams, A. S., 2006. Regulation of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor by STAT-3-dependent interleukin-6 trans-signaling implications in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, ONLINE Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16802343. Accessed 10 January 2013.(McNiece et al., 1994)http//europepmc.org/articles/PMC358498/pdf/molcellb00002-0573.pdf(Mihira et al., 2002)http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016524780200202X(Bettelli et al., 2009)http//europepmc.org/articles/PMC2839934/(Diehl and Rincon, 2002)http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161589002002109(Acosta-Rodriguez, E. V., Lanzavecchia, A., Napolitani, G., Sallusto, F., 2007. Interleukins 1b a nd 6 but not transforming growth factor-b are essential for the differentiation of interleukin 17producing human T helper cells, Nature Immunology, online Available at http//kp5us7vu4a.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=infoofi/encUTF-8&rfr_id=infosid/ProQ%3A&rft_val_fmt=infoofi/fmtkevmtxjournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+immunology&rft.atitle=Interleukins+1beta+and+6+but+not+transforming+growth+factor-beta+are+essential+for+the+differentiation+of+interleukin+17-producing+human+T+helper+cells.&rft.au=Acosta-Rodriguez%2C+Eva+V+EV%3BNapolitani%2C+Giorgio+G%3BLanzavecchia%2C+Antonio+A%3BSallusto%2C+Federica+F&rft.aulast=Acosta-Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Eva+V&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=942&rft.isbn=&rft.btitle=&rft.title=Nature+immunology&rft.issn=15292908. Accessed 02 January 2013.Buer, J., Dumoutier, L., Hirota, K., Renauld, J. C., Stockinger, B., Veldhoen, M., Westendorf, A. M., 2008. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor links TH17-cell -mediated autoimmunity to environmental toxins, Nature, online Available at http//europepmc.org/ snare/MED/18362914. Accessed 01 January 2013.(flier, et al., 2005)http//europepmc.org/articles/PMC3119436/Woodfin, A., Nourshargh, S., Voisin, M., 2010. Recent developments and complexities in neutrophil transmigration, Current Opinion in Hematology, online Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882030/. Accessed 01 january 2013.Hashizume, M., Mihara, M., Moriya, Y., Yorozu, K., Uchiyama, Y., 2008. Tocilizumab, a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, amelioratesjoint swelling in established monkey collagen-induced arthritis, Biological and Pharmaceutical bulletin, online Available at http//europepmc.org/abstract/MED/18520048. Accessed 02 January 2013.Deguchi H, Imai N, Kakehi T, Kishimoto T, Kuritani T, Maeda K, Nishimoto N, Sato B, Suemura M, Takagi N, Yoshizaki K, 2010. Toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and dose-finding study of exigent treatment with the humaniz ed anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody MRA in rheumatoid arthritis. Phase I/II clinical study, Journal of Rheumatology, online Available at http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.201040391/full. Accessed 01 January 2013.Balint, G., Broll, J., Emery, P. Kishimoto, T., Pavelka, K., Peterson, J., Maini, R. N., Raemen, F., Smolen, Szechinski, J., K., Taylor, J., Thompson, D., 2006. Doubleblind randomized controlled clinical trial of the interleukin6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab, in European patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an incomplete response to methotrexate, Arthritis & Rheumatism Wiley Online Library, ONLINE Available at http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.22033/pdf. Accessed 01 January 2013.Farnarier, C., Kaplanski, G., Mantovani, A., Marin, V., Montero-Julien, F., 2003. IL-6 a regulator of the transition from neutrophil to monocyte recruitment during inflammation, Trends in immunology, online Available at http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl e/pii/S1471490602000133. Accessed 01 January 2013.Hashizume and Mirhara, 2009. Desirable effect of combination therapy with high molecular slant hyaluronate and NSAIDs on MMP production, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 17(11) Pp 1513-1518. online Available at http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1063458409001320. Accessed 01 January 2010.(Hashizume, M., Mihara, M., Shiina, M., Suzuki, M., Yoshida, H., 2010. IL-6 and IL-1 synergistically enhanced the production of MMPs from synovial cellsby up-regulating IL-6 production and IL-1 receptor I expression, Cytokine, online Available at http//europepmc.org/abstract/MED/20403707. Accessed 01 January 2013.(Hashizume, M., Mihara, M., Shiina, M., Suzuki, M., Yoshida, H., 2012. IL-6/IL-6 receptor system and its role in physiological and pathological conditions, Clinical Science, online Available at http//submit.clinsci.org/cs/122/0143/1220143.pdf. Accessed 01 January 2013.Ballara, S., Feldmann, M., Maini, R. N., Marme, D., Paleolog, E. M., Reusch, P., Taylor, P. C., et al., 2001. Raised serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels are associated with destructive change in inflammatory arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatology, online Available at http//europepmc.org/abstract/MED/11592367. Accessed 01 January 2013.(Hashizume et al., 2009)http//europepmc.org/abstract/MED/20039425(Hagihara et al., 2003)http//europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12794819(Delisle, C., Faubert, D., Gratton, J., Oubaha, M., Rautureau, Y., Thibeault, S., Wilkes, B. C., 2010. S-Nitrosylation of -Catenin by eNOS-Derived NO Promotes VEGF-Induced Endothelial Cell Permeability, Molecular cell. online Available at http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276510005356, Accessed 01 January 2013.(Akoi et al., 2011)http//europepmc.org/abstract/MED/21076827(Koishihara et al., 1993)http//www.pnas.org/content/90/24/11924.full.pdf(Fuller et al., 2001)http//www.fasebj.org/content/15/1/43.full(Kazuto et al., 1996)http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1 002/jbmr.5650110113/abstractBalena et al. (1994)http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC394928/pdf/emboj00053-0197.pdf(Garnero et al 2009)http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.25053/fullHirschfield, G.M. and Pepys, M.B., 2003. C-reactive protein a critical update. Journal of Clinical Investigations. 111, pp. 1805-1812. online Available at http//www.jci.org/articles/view/18921. Accessed 01 January 2013.Figenschau Y, Nikolaisen C, Nossent JC., 2008. Anemia in early rheumatoid arthritis is associated with interleukin 6-mediated bone marrow suppression, but has no effect on disease course or mortality. Journal of Rheumatology. 200835 3806.Ganz, 2003. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. Blood, 1027838. online Available at http//bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/102/3/783.long Accessed 02 January 2013.Gillespie, M. T., Inoue, K., Itoh, K., Ishiyama, S., Kotake, S., Martin, T., J., Matsuzaki, K., Saito, S., Suda, T., Taka hashi, N., Udagawa, N., 1999. IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. Journal of Clinical Investigations, 103 13451352. online Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC408356/ Accessed 02 January 2013.Campbell, I. K., Nieuwenhuize, A. V., Quinn, J. M. W., Sims, N. A., Wicks, I. P., Wong, P. K. K., 2006. 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I love my india Essay

This essay describes rough the Incredible India which is an eco- touristry business in India. It basically foc holds upon to identify the sustainable policies which they pulmonary tuberculosis to give the tourists destination more sustainable. It even describes the indemnity they use much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Bio-logical-diversity, resource efficiency and environment purity. After describing each and every policy it states about the effectiveness of the policy and how does it help to overturn the negative impact on the environment. As it has been mentioned below such as under Bio-logical diversity it includes employing with subject position and protected beas, and working with private parks and reserves.Under resource efficiency it includes Minimizing the water consumption by the tourism sector, Minimizing the consumption of brawniness, Promoting a reduce, recycle, and recycle mentality. Under the section of environmental purity it includes Promoting the use of mo re sustainable transport, Limitations over the use of damaging chemicals, minimizing the wastage and disposes it c atomic number 18fully, influencing the development of new tourism installment. After that for supernumerary information it has also stated the government policies.To start up with lets focus on the eco-tourism. The word eco-tourism came from a marketing agency who was in reality promoting Costa Rica as a rain forest destination after that it was seen as an exact market for the WTO (World tourism organization). Eco-tourism is more than a catch formulate for nature loving and recreation. Eco-tourism is mainly for sustaining the worlds natural and cultural environment. So it actually accommodates and entertains the visitors in such a way which has a stripped impact on the native cultures in the location they are operating in. Saving the natural luxuries and forest life from getting destructed is called as eco-tourism (Incredible India, n.d.).There is no specific defi nition for the eco-tourism the World Tourism Organization defines eco-touris as Tourism which involves visiting to the natural areas which are undisturbed, with a specific objective of studying, enjoying and admiring the natural lulu and the wild animals and plants, and any other cultural aspects found in these areas is known as Eco-tourism (Piedrablanca, 2007). The Eco-tourism business which has been chosen is Incredible India. Before identifying their sustainable policies lets focus more about Incredible India. The ministryof tourism is the agency is the formulation of all the national policies and various programmes and for the co-ordination of other activities for the central government. The ministry is headed by the union see and controlled by the minister of state of tourism (Incredible India, n.d.).Here are some of the major sustainable policies.1) Bio-logical DiversityThis policy states regarding the support to the natural areas, and wild-life and asperse rail at to them. This is an area where most of the negative and positive impacts provide be felt. The environments which actually attract the tourists are destructed, so due to that this policy actually helps to protect the bio-diversity. such as working with private parks and reserves, this includes that the private parks do slang the high level of conservation, and makes sure that the private parks do not draw off the resources, which includes tourism income. After discussing about the bio-logical diversity lets bit focus upon its effectiveness. a) Working with national parks and other protected areas It actually gives the opportunity to strengthen the protection to avoid the negative impacts on the tourism, and focus upon the sustainaible tourism that would increase the visitor awareness and support for conservation. This important policy issues include Arranging up the national guidelines on sustainable tourism in protected areas.Extending the coverage areas for both terrestrial and marine t o protect the areas, such as buffer zones. Optimizing the level of use of park admissions to support its range of objectives. b) Working with private parks and reserves This policy actually encourages the people to work with private parks and reserves. This policy includes the priorities such as It actually helps to maintain the high conservation of the private parks and its standards. It helps to make the public and private parks in to single bio-diversity plan.2) Resource efficiencyThis policy states to minimize the use of non-renewable resources in the development and process of tourism conveniences and service. A sustainable upcoming is completely depended upon the management of the resources to makesure about the availability of the resources in the present and for the upcoming generation. Resources which are non-renewable and which are limited are of main refer such as get to, fresh water, fossil fuels and so on. Fresh water is an very important resource which lacking but a re been consumed at the high level by the tourists. It has been proved that tourists do use 15 to 20 times more water than the topical anaesthetics, due to that most of the tourists destinations in India are providing limited fresh water for the tourists.Lets discuss more about the policy and what all it includes. a) Minimizing the water consumption by the tourism sector As it has been discussed above that the tourists actually consume more resources than what locals do so to restrict it to certain level this policy includes, Limiting the water thirsty(p) facilities such as golf, and liquified pools Encourages the installation of water through technology which has low flow showers and toilets. Improving the infrastructure such as leakages.b) Minimizing the consumption of energy There are some following points which helps to minimize the consumption of energy in to the tourist destination such as, They provide renewable energy resources in most of the tourist destinations in Indi a. They encourage resource efficient transport choices.They even encourage the tourists to be responsible in terms of using the energy.C) Promoting a reduce, recycle, and reuse mentalityEco-tourism businesses such as Incredible India are mainly focusing on encouraging the reuse of the materials. And the policies which are used to support are as follows a) Purchasing to supplies from sustainable sources. This can be actually help by the good information on local accessibility of such sources. b) Minimizing use of unnecessary packaging.c) Encouraging the creativity from the products which are been used so it can be reused. 3) Environmental PurityThis is the policy which is been followed by Incredible India, which actually helps to reduce the waste, and other harmful gases this helps tomaintain and improve the quality of the air, water, land, and health and bio-diversity. These actions illustrate all the pollution prevention and control throughout the lifecycle for the development of t he tourism, during and after the use of facilities, and impacts on tourists themselves (unep, 2005). To minimize the pollution of air, land, water and the generation of waste made by the visitors. To do that there are certain policies which is been followed by Incredible India, such as a) Promoting the use of more sustainable transport This includes Favours low impact of transport.This actually put on both journeys to and within the destination. Most of the tourists in India are encouraged to go by walking or by cycling within the destination, which actually reduces the negative impact on the environment. b) Limitations over the use of harmful chemicals They are also putting on some limitations over the chemicals which might be harmful for the environment such as pesticides, fungicides, and chlorine in to the swimming pools. The enterprise even contributes over the depletion of the ozone layer by releasing CFC in to the atmosphere from packaging insulations, air conditioners and so on. c) Minimizing the wastage and dispose it carefullyTourism is a kind of industry which is a major producer of the waste and disposable of non-degradable waste is an important issue especially in to the remote areas. These wastes can be real danger to the life of wild-life. Due to that government are providing some facilities where these wastes can be disposed of safely. d) Influencing the development of new tourism facilityGovernment of India are taking some intiatives to provide some new tourism facilities in such a way where it is least harmfull for the environment, such as The location of new development, this includes the location in terms of the sensitivity of the areas environment and its setting for example public transport links. Construction should be taken dwelling in such a way where there is minimum harm to the environment (Frangialli, Toepfer, 2005). These are the following additional government policies for the development of the sustainable eco-tourism.a) The loca l community should be involved for the economic development of the area.b) The resources which are been used for the eco-tourism, and lively hood bythe local habitants should be recognized and try them to minimize it.c) The scale of the eco-tourism should be compatible with the environment and socio-cultural features of the local community.d) These things should be planned for the development of the local area which should be supported by and integrated uses of land avoiding inter- sectorial conflicts. These are the policies which have been set and followed by the Incredible India (Incredible India, n.d.).e) It is very much necessary to have balance between the development and conservation.f) It is necessary to have the commitment within the whole nation for the for the development of the sustainable and tourism. g) There should be worthy and effective control systems which are devised at a proper place (Global forest coaliation, n.d.)To conclude with it is necessary for the eco-to urism businesses to follow the policies which are been set up by the business to keep the environment clean and green which would basically attract the tourists to visit the destination. It is even necessary to encourage the tourists to have the minimum wastage and even encouraging them regarding the limit the wastage of resources. Not only that it necessary to co-operate with the locals and encourage them to dwell using the harmful chemicals which could be dangerous to the environment.ReferencesAdventure tourism in Ecuador. (n.d.). www.piedrablanca.org. Retrieved kinsfolk 1, 2012, from www.piedrablanca.org/ecotourism-defination.htm Frangialli, F., & Toeper, K. (n.d.). Making Tourism for more sustainaible. www.unep.fr. Retrieved September 1, 2012, from http//www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx0592xPA-TourismPolicyEN.pdf Incredible India. (n.d.). www.gourkanjilal.com. Retrieved September 30, 2012, from http//gourkanjilal.com/CTA-part1.pdf Incredible India. (n.d.). www.Incredib leIndia.org. Retrieved September 1, 2012, from http//www.incredibleindia.org/index.php/about-us Life as Commerce-India case study on Eco-tourism on market based conservation mechanism. (n.d.). globalforestcoalition.org. Retrieved September 30, 2012, from http//globalforestcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Casestudy-Ecotourism-in-India1.pdf

Critically examine the relationship between different social groups Essay

thither ar significant differences between social groups and their ghostly beliefs and practice there is a very significant ethnic pattern in the participation of morality. The minority groups in britain atomic number 18 a lot to a greater extent than religious than the volume of the population (white christian) . For example, it is much much likely to find downhearted christians(who make up 40% of the membership) in a pentecostal church than white christians In opposition to that, Modood institute that while minorities sop up higher participation rates, there is a decline in importance of religion for all ethnic groups.There ar catch ethnic patterns in religious participation, with minority groups having a higher level of religious participation. The UK today is a multi ethnic and multi religious society, with Muslims, Hindus and stern Christians more likely than white Christians to see religion as important and a central part of their lives. Among Christians blacks atomic number 18 more likely than whites to be found in Pentecostal churches, where they make up 40% of the membership.However Modood et al found that despite minoritys having higher participation rates, theres decline in importance of religion for all ethnic groups and that fewer were observant, especially amongst the second generation. Sociologists consider argued several reasons for ethnic differences in religiosity. One assembly line that most ethnic minorities originate from poorer countries with traditionalistic cultures these characteristics produce higher levels of belief and practice. Once they migrate into the UK they and their peasantren uphold the pattern they bring from their country of origin.However its argued this disregards the impact of their experiences as immigrants and as minorities in a reinvigorated society, and how this can give religion a new role in cultural demur and cultural transmutation. Bruce (2002) argues religion in such a situation offers no urishment and a sense of cultural identity in an uncertain and hostile environment. doll (1999) argues religion among minorities can be a foundation for community solidarity and a means of preserving ones culture and langu sequence as well as a elbow room of coping with oppression in a antiblack society.For example the experience of African and Caribbean Christians, where they found white churches werent welcoming to them, thus they founded their own black churches which explains their high Pentecostal membership. Religion can similarly be a means of easing the transition into a new culture by providing support and sense of community for minority groups in their new environment. Will Herberg (1955) argues this as an explanation for high levels of religious participation among first generation immigrants to the USA.Bruce identified a similar pattern of immigration into the UK, where religion provided a focal point the Irish, Caribbean and south Asian communities. However she argu es once a group has made the transition into the new culture and wider society religion loses its role and declines in importance, as was the case with Irish catholic immigrants. Ken Pyrce (1979) studied the African Caribbean community in Bristol. He found evidence of cultural defence and cultural defence being important.He argues Pentecostalism is a highly adaptive religion of the oppressed which provides migrants with value appropriate to their new world in which they find themselves in. Pentecostalism helped African Caribbeans adapt to British society by playing a protestant value-system role by helping members succeed by encouraging self reliance and thrift. Religion played a role in giving coarse support and hope of improving their situation. However, Rastafarianism represented a different response for some African Caribbeans, as they radically reject wider society as racist and exploitative.The general pattern concerning age and religious participation is that the older a pe rson is, the more likely theyre to attend church or religious service. However there ar two exceptions to this pattern the under 15s and over 65s. The under 15s are more likely to go to church then other groups as theyre forced to do so by their parents. The over 65s are more likely to be sick and disabled, thus theyre unable to attend. Higher death rates alike make this a smaller group, which reduces the heart and soul number available to attend.Voas and Crockett (2005) argue there are two main sorts of explanation fir age differences in religious participation. One argument is the agedness effect. This is the view that people turn to religion as they get older. For example using evidence from the Kendal project Heelas found people become more quest in spirituality as they get older. She argues as we approach death, we naturally become more concerned about spiritual matters and the afterlife, repentance of misdeeds and so on. then that age group is more likely to go to churc h.Another explanation is the generational effect. This is the view that as society becomes more secular each new generation is less religious then the one before it. Thus there are more old people than young people in church congregations today, not because theyre more attracted to religion as they get older but because they grew up in a conviction when religion was more popular. Voas and Crockett argue the generational effect is the more significant of the two explanations for age difference in religious participation.They argue that each new generation is unaccompanied half as religious as their parents. Thus we can expect a continuing average age rise in church goers as the young become less willing to attend. The number of 15-19 year olds attending church has fallen significantly since 1979 and two-fifths of churches have no one under the age of 112 attending services. 30% of church goers are in a flash over 65 Bruce predicts this trend will continue and soon the over 65s wil l become the majority. Bruce argues the solitary(prenominal) exception to this trend is Pentecostal churches which continue to attract young members.Gill (1998) argues children no longer receive religious socialisation, thus those brought up without religious beliefs are less likely to become church goers later on in life. Thus its likely within two generations Christian beliefs will but be held by a minority. Class differences also have patterns in the level of religious participation between the working(a) and ruling classes. Marx argued that the working classes are more likely to be religious because of alienation, where the growth of capitalism leads them to look to religion as a source of consolation.Marx argues that that religion was the opium of the people it dulls the pain of exploitation but masks the pain or else than treating the cause. Marx argued the upper classes were less religious as they had wealth and power to compensate, and he argued they used religion cynic ally to manipulate the working classes. However, Marx has been criticised by Althusser, who argues alienation is unscientific and based on the romantic idea of humans having a true self. This would make the concept an inadequate basis for theory of religion.However, Stark and Bainbridge have identified high religious participation among the middle and upper classes. They argue this is because of relative deprivation. Relative deprivation is where theres a subjective sense of being take. Thus although the middle class are materially well off, they feel spiritually deprived, especially in todays materialistic and consumerist world which they perceive as lacing emotional or moral warmth. Thus Wallis argues they turn to religion for sense of community.There are clear gender differences in religious belief and participation while priesthoods of most religions are male women are likeier to participate in activities and have belief in god and the supernatural. For example in 2005 1. 8 mi llion women in England were church goers, compared to just 1. 36 million men. Miller and Hoffman (1995) found women express greater interest in religion they have a greater personal commitment and go to church more. They found that this was true for all religious organisations, ages and faiths.Bruce (1996) estimated there are twice as many women than men in sects. Heelas and Woodhead (2005) found in their study of Kendal 80% of holistic milieu participants were female. These gender differences can be conjugate to the way men and women see god as a god of power and control or a god of love and for weddedess. Sociologists have given several arguments for gender differences in religious belief and practice. Miller and Hoffman argue women are more religious as theyre socialised to be more passive, obedient and lovingness.Religion values all of these characteristics, thus women are more likely than men to be attracted to religion. Its noted that men who also have these qualities are al so more likely to be religious. Miller and Hoffman also argue that women are more likely than men to be employed in part time work or be full time carers, thus they have more time to organise around religious activities. Women also look to the church as a source of gender identity. Greely argues taking care of other family members increases womens religiosity as they have responsibility to their ultimate welfare as well as day to day needs.Davie (1994) argues womens closeness to birth and death, through child bearing and caring for the sick, brings them closer to ultimate questions such as the meaning of life which religion is concerned with. This is also linked to the way women and men see god. Women are more likely to be attracted to the new age because women are more associated with nature and the healing role. Heelas and Woodhead found 80% of participants in their holistic milieu study in Kendal found were women. They argue such movements celebrate the natural and involve cults of healing this gives women a higher status and sense of self worth.Bruce argues womens experience of child rearing makes them less aggressive, more goal orientated, cooperative and caring. Where men wish to achieve, women wish to feel. Bruce argues this fits the expressive emphasis of the new age. The importance of being authentic rather than acting out roles, for example gender roles, in the new age also attracts women as women are more likely than men to see their ascribed roles as restrictive. Callum Brown (2001) argues the new age self religions, which emphasise subjective experience rather than external authority, attract women through their appeal for autonomy.However it can also be argued that women are attracted to fundamentalism because of the certainties of traditional gender roles women gain. Glock and Stark (1969) and Stark and Bainbridge (1985) argue people participate in religion because of the compensators for social, organismic and ethical deprivation that religion offers. Glock and Stark argue that these forms of deprivation are more common among women this explains their higher level of sect membership. Organismic deprivation stems from physical and mental health problems women are more likely to suffer from ill health thus they seek healing through religion.Women are more likely to be ethically deprived as theyre more likely than men to be morally conservative, thus they regard the world as in moral decline, and thus theyre attracted to sects who share this view. Women are more likely to be socially deprived as theyre more likely to be poor. This further explains why womens membership is higher then mens in sects, as sects tend to attract poorer groups. However, despite traditional gender differences in participation, women are now leaving the church at a faster rate than men. Brierly (2005) found a huge decline in church going for women aged 30-45, with a 16.4% fall in Sunday church attendance between 1990 and 2005. Brierly argues this cou ld be due to pressures of the home family and work have become intense for women. Women in this age group are more likely to have a young family and Sunday working is particularly high for women. All this equates to having little time for church. Callum Brown argues that since the 1960s women have begun to reject traditional subordinate gender roles. Christianity was closely bound to these traditional roles, thus womens rejection of subordination leads them to reject traditional religion at the same time.

Cyber Bullying Is the Fastest Growing Trend in Bullying

Cyber bullying is the fastest growing trend in bullying among teens and probably the most dangerous. It gives anonymity to those who dont want people to actually see them bullying in school. Also, cyber bullying takes away the last sanctuary some of these kids have, their home. What an awful tonus that must be, to come home from a day of being picked on just to be picked on more via internet. Cyber bullying can come in many ways text message, email, website, blogs, They can be pictures taken from a camera phone sent to many people to see.Teens spend a bevy of time on the internet using social websites like, Myspace and Facebook. These are places where a kid can kind of reinvent himself and exert a little creativity. A place to get away and when those things are taken away the results can be disastrous. This was a difficult paper for me to write. I tend to be an empathic person and reading all of the horrible stories about children taking their own lives and suffering all that abus e really broke my heart. I, like most people, see bullying in middle school and it still bothers me today.I wish there was a way to stop all bullying but everyplace half of bullying incidents go unreported. It is terribly sad that millions of children suffer every day at the hands of bullies. These poor souls can go their entire lives sustainment in fear and feeling completely weakened and insufficient. I know first hand the damage caused when a depressed person takes his own life. knowledgeable Helplessness is a lie. There is always a way out, always steps that can be taken. Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem. If only we could get these bullied kids to see that they arent alone and that they are capable, wonderful kids.They need to understand that their identity is not defined by these granitic and cruel actions. We may not be able to stop the bullying but we can certainly diminish the lasting effects. I tutor a 5 year old that struggles with being picked u p. They make fun of the way his head is shaped and it is horribly remarkable how fast he has become affectionate about the way he looks. Some days you can see the defeat in his eyes and in the way that he moves. It is heart breaking. I am going to close with a poem written by a 14 year old girl whose best friend affiliated suicide as a result of being bullied.

Long hair Essay

Loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good these ar just a few of a wide number of stereotypes that are attributed to American teens. What is it about teenagers that process the confront of society seem to turn against them? I believe that there are some(prenominal) misconceptions about teenagers. Many plurality in different generations rightfully believe that all teenagers are up to no good, and are guaranteed trouble no weigh where they are. Loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good these are just a few of a wide number of stereotypes that are attributed to American teenagers.What is it about teenagers that make the rest of society seem to turn against them? I believe that there are many misconceptions about teenagers. Many people in different generations sincerely believe that all teenagers are up to no good, and are guaranteed trouble no matter where they are. I am not arguing that teenagers like that gullt exist, because there ar e plenty of them out there, but it bformer(a)s me that one type of teenager has been able to spoil the image of all other teenagers.in person I think that these stereotypes apply more to me because I am a male. In addition to being a male teenager, I also rich person noticed that people think negatively of me because I wear a longer hair style than what is typically pass judgment in society. Some people grow long hair to show rebellion, or to be unique, but I wouldnt classify myself into either of those categories, I simply enjoy having it more than short hair.But because of that, many members of society link certain stereotypes of male teenagers to me because I show long hair. I could be con emplacementred many different things including rebellious, troubled, angry, arrogant, or any other sort of stereotype out there. How could anyone possibly claim to know all of these false accusations simply based on my age, and my gender? At times it can be bothersome when people take certai n precautions around teenagers, because they believe that we are all reckless, and dangerous.Parents pass on cross to the opposite side of the street with their kids, people clear sidewalks when walking, other drivers tense up on the road, and all while this is happening, other people will keep one nitty-gritty carefully watching, just to make sure that all of the rotten teenagers dont do anything dangerous. I sometimes think that people see me and other teenagers as giant, shiny explosives that are about to detonate, so everyone else needs to distance themselves as much and as quickly as possible.Just because a teenager happens to be walking around right(prenominal), that should in no way trigger a response where people feel that it isnt safe to be approximate teenagers. Although it does bother me, I can also see a point of view where I would do the same thing. If I saw someone outside that looked a little bit off-beat to me, I would most plausibly go a different path as well. However, that raises the question, why does society take in all of these stereotypes and live all of their lives believing false statements? entirely of it is ridiculous I believe.Anyone that knows me will be able to explain that I am the take opposite of a stereotypical teenager, so no one should need to take precautions if they see me out somewhere. A stereotypical teenager would most likely be thought of being connected to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs in some way, shape, or form I on the other hand do not do any of those things, and am strongly against them. Because I do not consider myself anywhere close to a stereotypical teenager, it does bother me when people mistake me for doing those types of activities.All of these common stereotypes dont do any good for the people who actually work hard, and try to do something with their lives. For many people, stereotyping does more than just suffer a bothersome hassle. For a handful of teenagers, the effect of stereotyping makes the m feel pressured into behaving like a stereotypical teenager. For example, some people do drugs and alcohol because they are expected to by societys stereotypes, so someone may think, Oh, I am a teenager now, I guess because other people are drinking then I have to as well. I dont even see peer pressure as that much of an departure here, people tend to start drinking or doing drugs voluntarily more often than not, there isnt peer pressure that is forcing them into doing something. And that creates an entire roundabout of madness. To change this many people start acting like stereotypical teenagers, because they feel that they need to in order to be a normal teenager. But that in turn makes society cast out teenagers, when it is actually those same members of society who created these stereotypes for teenagers to follow.In reality, there are several statistics that illustrate a decline in teenage drug abuse, alcoholism, and teenage pregnancy, yet stereotypes still exist (Poole). Ar e all teenagers loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good? Obviously not, there is no way that every single teenager in the world could fit that description. And yet, society still labels every teenager in the world by a description very similar to that. The few teenagers that live a life similar to that have managed to destroy the image of every teenager that happens to be a good kid.It seems that hardworking, determined, and honest teenagers dont have a place in the world anymore. They are out there, and ready to be noticed, but the rest of society has chosen to view them in the same manner as the bad crowds that exist in the teenage population. Quite strange, that the model teenager that is bankable in society is not taken seriously. Why does society view superior teenagers that way? It is not only teenagers it is everybody in the world. No person will ever be right in prejudicing someone, no matter who they are.

Learning Experiences with Linear and Systemic Questioning Essay

In this paper I will have a detailed interview process laid out in order of focus. First, I am focusing my interview on the background of my partner and what motivates her to go to school and further her education. Secondly, I will want her why she chose to specialize in her field of work and what be side hobbies or enjoyments that she does besides working towards her career goal. Lastly, I will be asking close to her family and their views on education. I will be asking twain unidimensional and systemic questions to sire my answers.I have looked up the meaning of linear and systemic questioning and their differences before writing out the questions I am using for Michele. I discoer same(p) this assignment has helped me to understand and recognize the difference in the questions being asked and which superstars will give me a much detailed answer. Learning Experience with elongate and Systemic Questioning I am doing an interview process with Michele Renner to learn more about her as a student, professional, and person. I know that this assignment is a stepping stone to learning all I need to know to be a MFT.The interview process will teach me how to reply and question in a professional matter and how to talk with a complete stranger without there being any uneasiness. I believe that this interview essay is applic equal to my education needed for MFT work. I think it is a great panache to quickly get to know a part of my fellow classmates bread and butter and see the inside without having met her yet. Michele has a in truth busy life, I know this much from reading her introduction in class. She has six children and that isnt the entirely thing keeping her on her toes.I admire the fact that she is continuing her education despite all that is going on in her life it shows that her need is strong. Michele not save has a strong motivation for continuing her education but a very inspirational story. Question Development Michele chose education to be the main focus of our interview process with me as her interviewer. I have lined up eight linear questions and seven systemic questions all or so the topic of education and how it affects her family and time with extracurricular activities.My questions are listed in Appendix A. Since Michele only chose education I was able to format my questions in a way to gain more insight on her everyday life by asking how education affects her, her kids, her spouse, and her work. All the questions are relevant to my case and were not over personal or intruding. She was a great person to talk to and I could imagine myself laughing with her over coffee or in an actual management set up. Linear QuestionsI developed my linear questions based on the information she whitethorn be willing to share. I am asking well-nigh closed questions that only require a short answer and some open questions that will follow with the systemic questions I have lined up next. The open ended questions will give Mic hele a chance to go into further detail with the question and her answers. Linear questions are questions that are problem explanation and definition questions, they usually begin with Who, What, Where, When, and Why?They are investigative questions that lead up to gaining some insight to the person you are talking to but they fatiguet give a full explanation. The limitations of linear questions are that they are narrow, short-term questions and tiret get to the heart of the problem. Short-term, linear approaches have several(prenominal) inherent limitations. First, they are based on a problem-solving model that is more associated with American corporate thinking than with client suffering and therapeutic healing.Typically, the model includes the by-line sequence (a) identify the problem, (b) consider various interventions to solve the problem, (c) choose the best interventions, (d) apply the interventions, (e) assess progress periodically, and (f) modify the interventions as ne eded. This clear-cut, linear approach appeals to executives, administrators, and others in positions of authority and has proven itself effective as an approach to solving problems in corporate and other settings.It is no accident that the trend toward streamlined, linear approaches in clinical work coincided with the rise of managed care and its corporate mentality (Ackley, 1997 Miller, 1996c). Linear questions dont help the client without the involvement of also another form of questions. victimization linear questions alone are ineffective to getting the desired results from the client, which can leave the client and the counselor both feeling misunderstood and upset. Systemic Questions I developed my systemic questions based on what my linear questions were about.I wanted to make sure some of the questions were the same type of question as my linear question but worded in a vizor way that would get me more detailed answers and more depth behind her answers. Systemic questions a re both circular and reflexive. They are behavioral effect questions, difference questions, hypothetical future questions, and observer perspective questions. The reflexive questions are intended to indirectly influence the family and are predominantly facilitative. The circular questions are more exploratory as the counselor tries to discover the way everything is connected together.Because the distinction between lineal and circular may be regarded as complementary, and not just as either/or, these assumptions and their associations may overlap and enrich one another. Most therapists have internalized these concepts to varying degrees and probably break down with both sets of ideas, but in differing ways, with differing consistency, and at different times. Although these assumptions and presuppositions tend to exert their effects covertly and non-consciously, they still have a significant effect on the nature of the questions asked.Hence, this second dimension adds considerable d epth to an understanding of differences among the questions asked. If the therapist assumes that influence only occurs indirectly, through a perturbation of preexisting circular processes in or among family members, the influencing questions are considered reflexive questions. (Tomm, 1988, p. 3). If the therapist has established a Batesonian cybernetic orientation toward mental process, and has developed skills in maintaining a conceptual posture of circular ypothesizing, these questions will come easily and freely.Two general types of circular questions, difference questions and contextual questions, have been associated with Batesons fundamental patterns of symmetry and complementarities. The Interview When I called Michele I was immediately at ease with her as a person. She was very upbeat and forthcoming with her information. After asking her how she was I jumped right into the questions. I explained to her which questions I was doing setoff and how many there were for each li near and systemic questionings.She had no problems going into elaborate detail about her life and why she is doing what she is doing today, she talked as fast as I could type her answers Since I did not have a recorder I did have to ask her to repeat herself if I did not finish typewriting the answers that she was giving me but she was very nice about it and as soon as we concluded our interview I made sure to immediately spirt the answers into more coherent sentences while it was all fresh in my mind.Interview studysThe themes and suffice that came out of this interview with Michele are few. One theme or content that was revealed to me was that her inspiration for education came from her cause who did not complete high school. The content that came out from the systemic questions would be how supportive her family is even though it is a pecuniary strain on them. The linear questions brought out her main reasons for wanting her education and the systemic questions went into mor e depth of what the education means for her and her family as a whole. Theme one.The first theme would be her mention of her mother and losing her father when she was young. She brought up her mother quite a bit in our interview and I could circulate that her mother was a great factor in her decision to keep going to school no matter how long it took her to succeed. She is very proud of her mother for the way she was, raising children alone with no degree and no financial backups. Michele doesnt want her kids to ever have to worry about wanting or needing things and she wants to get her degree to be able to enjoy what she loves doing most.Theme two. The second theme is that of finances. She did bring up the fact that she has been in school for a very long time because she is only taking one class per quarter so that she can pay for it and still have time to do her work, school, and family life in a balance that is easier on her. She teaches her children that it doesnt matter how lo ng it takes you to get there, it is important to have dreams and goals and make them come true. The future of her children wont be as hard on them as it was on Michele growing up. Interviewer RoleStance. As an observer for the linear questions I realized that the questions were straight to the present without asking for more detailed information from Michele and it was pretty basic. I felt that I was getting to know Michele through my linear questions but I was able to understand more through the systemic questioning. My systemic questions were open-ended questions that helped our conversation go into further detail because Michele felt that the questions opened up for her to go into more of her life story. Relationship with the interviewee.I started each set of questions by letting Michele know what type of questions I was asking. She was very forthcoming and she said that some of the questions I asked her were really good because she hadnt thought about it in the way that I asked it. She is a very nice person, easy to talk to and get on with. We talked about how we both found Capella, the weather changes, and the state we live in. The systemic approach definitely went into further detail but I feel like I gained a lot of insight from the linear questions as well. Multicultural/diversity issues.Michele and I did not talk about cultural backgrounds as she only wanted to talk about her educational background. I feel now, that I could have incorporated some cultural questions into the topic of education. We did talk about her family and how they are very supportive of her career and educational goals and we never stepped on a touchy subject that made her hesitate to answer me. Curiosity. I am naturally a very curious person about other people and how they think and what they do and why they do it. So it was no problem for me to ask more questions on top of the ones I have listed.I knew by intuition which topics not to go into further detail with her about sin ce I dont know her that well and it was irrelevant to her education. One thing I wanted to know was more about her dad. I did however ask her about her grandparents influence and more about her mother. My curiosity helped me to see in greater detail the aspects of her relationship with each member of her family. Assessment of Interviewer. I really wish the questions that I asked, and I was polite and made jokes so that we were on easy footing.I do think back on the interview and wish I had asked different questions because some of them seemed to be repetitive even though she answered them each in a different way. For example, What made you change your path to this specific one? Was a question I asked after asking why she chose being an MFT. She had answered in the previous question the answer to both questions which turned out to be one and the same. I had chosen that question because in my experience most people at one time had wanted to be something else first and because changed their mind later in life.

The Chi Square Test Health And Social Care Essay

1.a. The statistical trial that would be run to look into whether the exit in attending rates mingled with the different classs of patients was statistically important is the Chi-squ ar trial.Chi-squ ar is appropriate because it assumes the homogeneousness of informations distribution between categorical variables, and where leavings in such distributions arise, it tests the significance. Chi-square assumes that variables are independent ( its nothing assumption ) , and that informations are indiscriminately collated instead than being assigned from a fixed population as in this instance. The appreciably plentiful sample size is besides a warrant for the truth of Chi-square trial.1.b. At the clip of directing the invitations, the GPs had expected equal bet of patients to go to for to each one of the classs, thus taking to the corrupt hypothesis ( premise of independency ) that on that point is no important difference in the rate of attending for each of the groups repre mov eed in the survey. However, the observations were tested between the 2678 invited patients, who were grouped based on their Sexual natural action ( Males and Females ) , Age ( 35-44 old ages, 45-54 old ages, and 55-64 old ages ) , Smoking position ( Smokers and Non-smokers ) , Body heaviness ( Obesed and Not obesed ) , and Diet Scores ( 1,2,3, and 4 for Best, Good, Bad, Worst scores some(prenominal)ly ) . The consequences are shown on the affiliated PASW end increase ( Tables 1.1-1.5, and Fig. 1.1-1.5 ) .Table 1.1a shows the crosstabulation end product of the attending in males and females. Harmonizing to the tabular array, males ( 987 ) were less likely to go to than females ( 1218 ) , and were every here and now good more than likely non to go to ( 262 ) , than the females ( 211 ) . Chi-square trial ( Table 1.1b ) keep going that there is a important ( X2=17.68, df=1, Fisher s P & A lt 0.05 ) .In Table 1.2a, attending tend to change between the age groups in the tack of 812, 732, and 661 for those with 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64 old ages groups. However, there is no association ( X2=2.074, df=2, P & A gt 0.05 ) between such variableness in attending to the age differences.Table 1.3a-b shows the answer of tobacco users and non-smokers to invitation. More non-smokers ( 1583 ) than expected were in attending, while lesser figure of tobacco users ( 622 ) attended. On the other manus, more tobacco users ( 208 ) were likely non to go to than non-smokers ( 265 ) , cock-a-hoop the amountized residuary value of 5.1 and -3.4 severally. A importantly higher ( X2=45.263, df=1, P & A lt 0.05 ) attending rate was observed for the non-smokers compared the tobacco users. This is consequence is besides back up by really high likeliness and linear-by-linear association as shown in Table 1.3b.Table 1.4a-b is the crosstabulation of the association of attending with perfect structure weight down. The consequence shows that organic structure weight determined th at rate of attending of the patients. Therefore, the obesed patients were less ( X2=10.2, df=1, P & A lt 0.05 ) probably to go to ( 197 ) compared with the not obesed patients ( 2008 ) .Table 1.5a-b compared the attending rate of patients property different dietetic tonss. The result revealed a likeliness of attending in the order of 1 ( 632 ) & A gt 3 ( 564 ) & A gt 2 ( 541 ) , and 4 ( 468 ) . This order of attending by patients of different dietetic mark was found to be important ( X2=38.259, df=3, P & A lt 0.05 ) .1.c. Sexual activity, smoking position, organic structure weight and diet mark affect the rate of attending of patients in reply to invitation by GPs in Manchester. Thus, on the footing of sex, more females are likely to answer to an invitation than males. Besides, more non-smokers and not obesed are likely to go to than tobacco users and obesed severally. On the footing of diet tonss, patients with diet mark of 1 were more likely to go to than those of mark 3, who were every play good more likely to go to than those on 2. the latter group are more likely to go to than those on 4.A critical expression of the result of this survey could uncover some implicit in grounds for the important consequences. It could be that males, tobacco users, and obesed were afraid of returning(a) to the infirmary as they think a wellness cheque could uncover some upseting medical conditions or that they were non satisfied with the quality of wellness attention function they had received. For those who attended, it might be that they are funny about cognizing to what extent their conditions would leave improved.The ascertained differences in the rates of attending between the age groups were statistically non important. This is to fix that the GPs expected the figure of patients who attended for each age group to go to, while besides being cognizant that the figure of patients who did non go to, would besides non hold attended. Therefore, whether or no n patients responded to the invitation is independent ( non influenced ) by their age groups.In drumhead, these findings could pave manner for farther probes into unknoting some of the grounds why those who attended did so and frailty versa.1.d. My nurture of the informations will be that the void hypothesis ( premise of independency ) merely holds true if the age groups of the patients is to be considered when ask foring them, otherwise, the rate of attending or response to invitation is mostly associated with the sex, smoking position, organic structure weight, and diet mark of the patients.1.e. The consequence of this survey will assist the GPs in Manchester in planning given them an brainstorm on which of the classs of the patient s population that should have more attending during subsequent invitations. For case, since the patient s response to invitation is independent on the age groups, the GPs may make up ones mind non to delay that class in subsequent invitation since there is non likely to do all difference.On the other manus, if an invitation is to be sent based on their sex, organic structure weight, smoke, and diet mark differences, the GPs would hold to take excess steps, including reexamining their services and stepping up enlightenment, if they are to guarantee that every bit m either as are invited would go to.ANSWER TO QUESTION 2One-way analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will be most suited for finding whether increased nanotube concentration causes increased tensile strength, This is because, ANOVA tests for the grade of variableness between the represent of quantitative informations ( herein represented by the Tensile strength ) that were individually and indiscriminately sampled from group variables ( samples treated with 5 % , 10 % , 15 % , and 20 % nanotube concentrations ) . The premise is that there is homogeneousness of discrepancies and that increasing nanotube concentration does non ( void hypothesis ) have any consequence o n tensile strength.Some steps ( see attached PASW Output Tables 2.1-2 ) have been taken to guarantee that these informations do conform with the premises of ANOVA, hence its suitableness.Normality appraisal of the symmetricalness ( lopsidedness ) and its bunch around the mean ( kurtosis ) was done foremost by utilizing the values in the descriptive end product. As a regulation of the pollex, divergence from normalcy can be assumed if the lopsidedness is by far larger than its standard mistake. Here both of the lopsidedness ( -0.223 ) and kurtosis ( -0.476 ) , though negative, are good near to zero and rather smaller than their standard mistake of 0.472 and 0.918 severally. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk trials ( Table 2.3 ) both promote the premise that the informations are usually distributed, and are supported by the mentality of the histogram, Normal Q-Q secret plans, and box secret plans.The premise of homogeneousness of the discrepancies was every bit good confirmed utili zing the Levene statistics, which accepts the void hypothesis that the discrepancies are equal ( P & A gt 0.05 ) . Looking at the standard divergence and standard mistake for the several group, it could be seen that there is an overall lessening of fluctuation in tensile strength as the nanotube concentration increased. This is besides supported by the mean secret plan ( Fig. 2.4 ) .Finally, to look into farther for this suggested influence ( see Fig. 2.4 ) , the F-test on the ANOVA tabular array is used. The consequence shows that there is a important ( P & A lt 0.05 ) difference between the mean tensile strength of the different samples treated at different nanotube concentrations. This implies that the obtained F-test is higher than the critical value in F-distribution tabular arrayBecause ANOVA can merely place differences in sample mean between groups without foregrounding where precisely the differences lie, it is imperative that the Post-hoc trial ( e.g. least important d ifference as in this survey ) be used to observe which of the group means differ. The Post-hoc LSD was discretionarily chosen and it revealed that though the median(a) difference between samples treated with 10 % and 15 % nanotube concentrations were non important ( P & A gt 005 ) , other group means differed ( P & A lt 0.05 ) between each other and even with 10 % and 15 % samples.Decision Increasing nanotube concentration gives a important addition in tensile strength.ANSWER TO QUESTION 3The hypothesis tested here is that the drug Captopril has a important consequence ( may be higher or lower ) on the systolic and diastolic force per unit area in the reasonably hypertensive topics.The corresponding void hypothesis is that Captopril does non hold any consequence on the systolic or diastolic blood force per unit area degree. Therefore, the void hypothesis suggests that the average difference of the ahead and after intervention systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area will be severally zero.The ideal statistical method here is paired T-test. Paired T-test enables the comparing of differences ( if any ) in population agencies of observations made for each instance both before and after they are being subjected to a trial. The trial aims to understate, and if possible eliminate immaterial mistakes or interventions that could take to false positive ( type I error ) or false negative ( type II mistake ) consequences. acquaintsIndependence This survey involves both wholly separate groups ( systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area group ) . It is worthy to foreground that both groups are non in any manner related to each other, therefore alterations in any one of them is non expected to act upon the other. Besides, the premise of independency is supported by the fact that there is no interaction between the before and after agencies as the latter is merely expected to be due to the consequence of the drug.Normal distribution Premise of normal distribution and equal discrepancy is confirmed in the descriptive statistics, every bit good as the box secret plans. All instances of before and after intervention for the two classs, have really little lopsidedness and kurtosis, with the latter falling a spot outside -1 for the before systolic diastolic ( see Table 3.1 ) . However, the Normal Q-Q secret plans for each of the instance shows some normal distribution, which is besides supported by the box secret plans. The two outliers on the opposite sides of the after -treatment diastolic blood force per unit area has been ignored, giving that the lopsidedness ( 0.191 ) and kurtosis ( -0.341 ) are within acceptable scopes ( See Table 3.2 ) , and that Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk are both continuing that the instances in the before and after groups are usually distributed. It is worthy to advert that attending is non given to prove for homogeneousness of discrepancy as Paired t-test is non really rigorous on equality an d non-equality of discrepancies.Testing for the consequence of Capoten on blood force per unit areasThe result of trial is attached as PASW end product ( Tables 3.4-3.6 ) . Table 3.4 displays the mean, standard divergence, and standard mistake for each of the classs. Ocular analysis shows that intervention with Capoten caused a pearl in systolic blood force per unit area to 158.20+20 mmHg from 176.93+20.57 mmHg, while diastolic blood force per unit area besides reduced to 103.07+12.55 mmHg from 112.33+10.47 mmHg. However, it remains unknown, if this bead is statistically meaningful or non.The mated sample trial ( Table 3.5 ) shows that non merely did the systolic and diastolic force per unit areas bead by 18.93 mmHg, and 9.26 mmHg severally, the twilight was really important ( P & A lt 0.05 ) . It besides shows that merely a standard divergence of up to 9.02 mmHg and 8.61 mmHg, every bit good as the impudence intervals of 13.93-23.93 mmHg and 4.5-14.04 mmHg for the average diffe rence in systolic and diastolic severally. It is merely within this limits that subsequent trial consequences to be assumed to be accurate.Finally, a correlativity ( see Table 3.6 ) of the mated agencies revealed an about absolutely consistent and unvarying autumn in both systolic ( r=0.901, P & A lt 0.05 ) and diastolic ( r=0.734, P & A lt 0.05 ) blood force per unit area, after the topics were treated with Capoten.Decision The consequence of this survey solidly rejects the void hypothesis ( statement of no consequence ) , and accepts the alternate hypothesis which states that Capoten affects blood force per unit area. In these braces, the consequence is a important decrease in systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area after disposal of Capoten.ANSWER TO QUESTION 4Having noted the qualitative variable ( sexual activity ) that should move as an accounting system for response variable ( longevity/lifespan ) , a one-way ANOVA was used to research the extent of association between the two variables. Sexual activity was used to group the males ( n=125 ) into 25 per group of those lifeentirely1 receptive female ( RF )8 receptive females1 non-receptive female ( NRF )8 non-receptive females.a, vitamin D, and vitamin E are controls.Normality of continuance of service distribution was assumed, given the visual aspect of the histogram, and supported by the lopsidedness and kurtosis as shown in Table 4a. II. Levene trial for homogeneousness of discrepancies confirmed the premise of equal discrepancy.The consequence from ANOVA shows that there is important difference ( p & A lt 0.05 ) in the average length of service of the males as grouped. The mean secret plan shows a diminution in the lifetime of males who live with either 1 or 8 receptive females. Therefore, a multiple comparing was made to happen out whether the ascertained diminution was important. The result revealed that the lifetime of the controls ( 63.56, 64.80, and 63.36 yearss for males popula ting entirely, with 1 NRF, and 8 NRF severally ) , were significantly higher ( p & A lt 0.05 ) than that of those populating with either 1 ( 56.76 yearss ) or 8 ( 38.72 yearss ) receptive females. There was besides an ascertained difference ( p & A lt 0.05 ) between the length of service of males populating with 1 receptor and those populating with 8 receptors.The findings in this survey suggest that the sexual activities of male fruitflies has impact on their length of service, such that the more receptive females they live with, the lesser their lifetime.4b. To hold a broader position of whether sleep and/or organic structure size have impacts on lifetime, multiple linear ( enter ) arrested development was used. Normality of the distribution was confirmed utilizing histogram and Normal P-P secret plans of Regression Standardized residuary, while the spread secret plan showed that the distribution is random. Furthermore, intercellular substance spread diagram appears to propose a additive association, particularly with length of thorax ) implying that a additive relationship exist between any of the variables and length of service. The theoretical account has a singular correlativity ( R=0.638 ) with a little criterion mistake of estimation ( 13.641 ) , and the F ( 41.787 ) for the arrested development is important ( p & A lt 0.05 ) , therefore corroborating that the theoretical account is tolerably additive. The coefficient of correlativity shows that there is important correlativity ( r=0.636, P & A lt 0.01 between the lifetime and length of thorax, while no important correlativity exist between lifetimes and yearss spent kiping.In decision, lessening in length of service is associated with addition in the figure of receptive female life with a male fruitfly. On the other manus, length of service of male fruitflies increases with an addition in their thorax length, but is non alter by the figure of yearss they spend kiping.